Supplement: The Development of Social Inequality in the Carpathian Basin between 5200 and 1000 BCE. A quantitative study on Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age cemeteries and methodological considerations. Wilkes, Fynn research_data database https://doi.org/10.57892/100-259 https://opendata.uni-kiel.de/receive/fdr_mods_00000259 https://opendata.uni-kiel.de/receive/fdr_mods_00000259 doc-type:ResearchData ddc:930 -5199/-999 Neolithikum Bronzezeit Vor- und Frühgeschichte Sozialarchäologie Pannonisches Becken Ungarn Slowakei 16.45320449131781 47.07531805605234,16.800646844530927 46.25405393653608,18.615068022421674 45.4473944966785,21.587630377689486 45.366084981889855,23.865308026531057 45.879068801584935,24.637402144782435 47.206611975838115,23.865308026531057 47.987572196794304,22.282515084115726 48.70596519653347,19.65739508206104 48.73143489901068,17.302508021394328 48.37368491878581,16.45320449131781 47.07531805605234 This repository contains the supplementary data of the PhD Thesis of Fynn Wilkes titled: The Development of Social Inequality in the Carpathian Basin between 5200 and 1000 BCE. - A quantitative study on Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age cemeteries and methodological considerations. The Thesis was submitted and defended at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel in 2024 (Defence: 01.07.2024). Thesis Abstract: This thesis investigates the dynamics of social inequality in the Carpathian Basin between the Late Neolithic and the Middle/Late Bronze Age (5200–1000 BCE) through a quantitative analysis of burial contexts. Employing statistical methods, including Gini indices and Generalized Entropy Measures, the study evaluates the extent, development, and underlying factors of inequality within prehistoric societies. Key findings reveal a complex, cyclical pattern of inequality, challenging the notion of linear progression. While the overall mean levels of inequality show no consistent long-term increase or decrease, a significant broadening of inequality ranges is evident. This suggests increased societal diversification, with some communities maintaining egalitarian structures while others exhibited pronounced stratification. The research highlights that these disparities were likely driven by factors such as societal size, technological advancements, resource distribution, and cultural practices. A focused examination of wealth-based societal segments uncovers divergent trends: a slight equalization among less wealthy societal segments contrasts with a marked concentration of wealth within wealthy groups. This work underscores the interplay of social, cultural, and material developments in shaping prehistoric inequality, providing a foundational framework for further exploration into the dynamics of past societies. 2026-05-05 eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Fulltext available at https://opendata.uni-kiel.de/receive/fdr_mods_00000259https://opendata.uni-kiel.de/servlets/MCRZipServlet/fdr_mods_00000259https://opendata.uni-kiel.de/rsc/thumbnail/fdr_mods_00000259.png 2026-05-05 database database Supplement: The Development of Social Inequality in the Carpathian Basin between 5200 and 1000 BCE. A quantitative study on Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age cemeteries and methodological considerations. This repository contains the supplementary data of the PhD Thesis of Fynn Wilkes titled: The Development of Social Inequality in the Carpathian Basin between 5200 and 1000 BCE. - A quantitative study on Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age cemeteries and methodological considerations. The Thesis was submitted and defended at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel in 2024 (Defence: 01.07.2024). Thesis Abstract: This thesis investigates the dynamics of social inequality in the Carpathian Basin between the Late Neolithic and the Middle/Late Bronze Age (5200–1000 BCE) through a quantitative analysis of burial contexts. Employing statistical methods, including Gini indices and Generalized Entropy Measures, the study evaluates the extent, development, and underlying factors of inequality within prehistoric societies. Key findings reveal a complex, cyclical pattern of inequality, challenging the notion of linear progression. While the overall mean levels of inequality show no consistent long-term increase or decrease, a significant broadening of inequality ranges is evident. This suggests increased societal diversification, with some communities maintaining egalitarian structures while others exhibited pronounced stratification. The research highlights that these disparities were likely driven by factors such as societal size, technological advancements, resource distribution, and cultural practices. A focused examination of wealth-based societal segments uncovers divergent trends: a slight equalization among less wealthy societal segments contrasts with a marked concentration of wealth within wealthy groups. This work underscores the interplay of social, cultural, and material developments in shaping prehistoric inequality, providing a foundational framework for further exploration into the dynamics of past societies. 10.57892/100-259 en 930 his Host institution aut Author Wilkes, Fynn 0000-0002-0159-722X Wilkes Fynn Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 2024-07-01 -5199 -999 -5199-999 Neolithikum Bronzezeit Vor- und Frühgeschichte Sozialarchäologie Pannonisches Becken Ungarn Slowakei 16.45320449131781 47.07531805605234,16.800646844530927 46.25405393653608,18.615068022421674 45.4473944966785,21.587630377689486 45.366084981889855,23.865308026531057 45.879068801584935,24.637402144782435 47.206611975838115,23.865308026531057 47.987572196794304,22.282515084115726 48.70596519653347,19.65739508206104 48.73143489901068,17.302508021394328 48.37368491878581,16.45320449131781 47.07531805605234 This repository contains the supplementary material of the Thesis (2024) "The development of social inequality in the Carpathian Basin between 5200 and 1000 BCE. A quantitative study on Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age cemeteries and methodological considerations." by Fynn Wilkes (Kiel university). The online Supplement consists of the following file spaces and files: The first file space, “Supplement A to E,” contains the following items, each with numerous subitems: • Supplement A: Results of statistical analyses • Supplement B: Significance test results • Supplement C: Object class values per site; list of functional groups and object assignments; and list of generalized material types • Supplement D: Chronological data • Supplement E: Catalogue of reclassified burial inventories and normalized index values per burial • Supplement F: Additional Plots of Giniall, Ginilow, Giniupper, GEM[0], GEM[1], GEM[2] and Shareupper These supplements contain information that was crucial for the analysis of the burial sites in this study, as well as results derived from this analysis that could not be fully included in the tables and figures of the main text. Supplement E is provided in multiple formats, as it contains the raw data tables for the individual burial sites, including reclassified grave goods and additional checks for potential errors that may still persist in the database. These data form the basis of the analyses presented in the thesis. The second file space, “Burial Database,” contains the raw burial database in two formats. The original database was developed and populated in MS Access and is included in its raw state. It contains both German and English terminology and includes all original data fields, including those that were initially planned but could not be populated consistently due to heterogeneous source data. In general, information on site, grave (grave pit: depth, length, width), burial (anthropological age and sex, orientation, disturbance, phase), and inventory (material, type, quantity) has been entered consistently and uniformly. Note that only information explicitly documented in the textual catalogues of the original site publications was used. Since the Access database is a proprietary file format that may not be supported in the future and may only be usable with specific software versions, a SQLite version of the database has also been created. SQLite is open source and suitable for long-term data archiving. An HTML/JavaScript-based frontend for data access (SQLite_Database_Viewer_FWilkes.html) has been added to the Supplement. The SQLite database represents a reduced and translated version of the original database; however, it includes all information used in the thesis. The third file space, “R Code and Data Frames (Examples),” includes R code as well as example data files required to run the code. Note that the Giniall value reported in the thesis, which is derived from the median of Ginidist and Ginidist+undist, was calculated in Excel and subsequently added manually to the data frames used for plotting and analysis in R. The code provided here calculates Giniall directly from the social index values of the burials per site. As a result, running the code with the example data may produce slightly different results. Calculations of the asymptotic standard error (ASE) and confidence intervals (CI) were conducted primarily in Excel. The ASE was calculated individually in R, after which the Gini index values and ASE were used to derive the confidence intervals in Excel (see Supplement A). Description File: "Database_FWilkes_PhD.accdb" This file is an MS Access Database. In this database all the information gathered of the cemeteries are stored. Gaps in IDs are due to deleted datasets that have been collected or partially collected but havent been included into the analysis. The database has 4 levels: Site, Grave, Burial and Inventory. Site level: All general information regarding the site, references, phases, dating are stored here. Every site has a unique Site ID. Grave level: General information regarding the grave, its identifier (Name) and dimensions are stored here. Each grave has a unique Grave ID and is assigned via the Site ID to a site. Burial level: The information regarding disturbance, orientation, positioning, age, sex of an deceased individual is recorded in this level. Each burial has a unique Burial ID and is assigned via the Grave ID to a Grave and via the Site ID to a Site. Inventory level: The information regarding the grave goods are stored on this level. While the information might be differnt in quality and extend, the main features are recorded for every grave good, which are: material, object type and number of objects. Tables for References and Isotopes are connected via the Site ID and the Grave ID to the respective sites. MT_XXX - are Main tables, storing information gathered from literature. VT_XXX - are Value tables, storing standardized values which are used in some field of the Main tables. 2026-11-10 fdr_mods_00000259https://opendata.uni-kiel.de/receive/fdr_mods_00000259 info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess